同等学力英语翻译写作讲义
第四章 翻译部分
（一）汉译英部分
1.
汉语判断句“是…的”结构
英文主系表结构“am, is, are”
关系动词分为：现状关系动词和结果关系动词。
1、现状关系动词：be, appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste, remain, keet, stay 等。
2 、 结果关系动词：become, come, end up, prove, get, go, grow, turn, turn out 等。
句型结构
主语（s ）
连系动词 v
主语补语（表语 c/a ）
It
appears
the only solution.
名词+名词
Beijing
seems
a pleasant city.
Willian
is
my friend.
名词+形容词
The girl
became
very restless.
The girl
seemed
very restless.
名词+介词/副词
The party
will be
at nine./downstairs.
It
looked
As if he had seen a ghost
汉语判断句的翻译方式：
1、汉语“是….的”翻译成为英语的“am,is,are”系表结构，例如：
这本书是我的。The book is mine.
This is my book.
他老家在山东。He is from Shandong.
这花真香。The flower smells sweet.
银是天然存在的。Silver occurs native.
2 、汉语“是….的”翻译成为英语的“S V O/A”主谓+宾语或状语的结构，例如：
他老家在山东。He comes from Shandong.
这本书是我的。The book belongs to me.
这机器出毛病了。Something has gone wrong with the machine./out of work.
3、汉语非“是….的”翻译成为英语的“am,is,are”系表结构+介词短语或状语分句，例如：
The party will be at nine. 聚会将在 9 点举行。
He is at books. 他正在学习。
We are against terrorism. 我们反对恐怖主义。
介词的特殊用法
举
例
表 示 否 定 against;
1
Public opinion is against the plan ．舆论不利于这个计划。
off, beyond
2
Her talk is off the point ．她的话不切题。
3
The rumour is beyond belief．（＝The rumour can"t be believed ）这个谣传不可信。
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表示被动
1
The building is under con struction．（＝The building is being constructed ．）
under, at,
这栋大楼正在兴建。
2
While I am away ，my typewriter will be at your proposal ．
在我离开期间，我的打字机由你使用。
表 示 比 较
over 1
We had many advantages over them．我们和他们相比有许多优越的地方。
above
， below
，
beneath
2
You are far above me in every way ．你在各方面都比我强得多。
表示让步 In
spite
of 1
For all its hardness，metal can be changed into liquid at high temperature ．
/despite,For all/with all
金属虽然很硬，但在高温下可以变成液体。
2
The match took place as scheduled despite the bad weather ．
尽管天气不好，比赛还是如期举行。
表示状态
1
To be in / out of danger
处于危险/脱离危险
in/into,out of;
2
To be out of job 失业
3
He got into difficulties/toruble/deb/fight.
他陷入困境/麻烦/债务/搏斗
原因理由 because
of, The survirors were weak for exposure and lack of food.
for;from;
这些幸存者因日晒雨淋和食物缺少而身体虚弱.
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2.
汉语兼并式结构翻译
汉语的兼并式结构“把、将、让”和英语的复合式宾语结构“have/get/make sb do sth”
翻译方法：
（1）汉语的兼并式“把、将、让”翻译成英语的复杂宾语动词“have,get,make”
复杂宾语动词：动词+宾语+宾语补足语（名词/形容词/介词/非限定动词）
例如：hold, keep, leave;call, confess, report; like, want, wish; believe, consider, find, think, ;drive, get,
make, have;hear,see,watch;catch, discover, find;
（2 ）汉语的兼并式“把、将、让”翻译成英语的双宾语动词“give, hand, pass”
双宾动词：动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语
例如：give, bring, show, teach, make, hand; pay to/with ,provide for/with ,serve to/with ;
accuse of, convict of, protect form, remind of;
For instance ：
1、 出发前，他们早把一切都准备好了。
They had got everything ready long before it was time to start off.
2 、 咱们可以将他们请来，商量商量。
Let us invite him to come over and discuss it.
3、 纵有在大的困难，也得把这一工程进行到底。
We must carry the project through to the end no matter what difficulties we may come across.
4 、 请把巧克力盒子递给我好吗？
Pass me the chocolate box,please.
5、 昨晚她叫人把衣服全洗净了。
He had all his clothes washed last night.
Get
For
Instance
*达到某状态
*get angry, bored, hungry, worried,
etc
发怒、 生厌、 饥饿、 不安
或情况;
变得
* get fat, fit, thinner, etc
发胖、 健康、 变瘦
* It/The weather is getting colder.
天气渐冷.
We ought to go; it"s getting late. 我们该走了,
天越来越晚了
*使自己处於
达到或使处
某状态或情
*get dressed/undressed, ie put one"s clothes on/take one"s clothes off 穿上[脱下]衣服
於某状态或
况
They plan to get married in the summer. 他们打算夏天结婚.
情况
*使（某人[某
Don"t get your new trousers dirty! 别把你的新裤子弄脏!
事物]成为
Don"t let the incident get you
upset. 别为这事烦恼.
Do you think you"ll get the work finished on time?
你认为你的工作可以如期完成吗?
使（某人[某事
Can you really get that old car going again? 你真能让那辆旧汽车再跑起来?
物] ）做某事
It"s not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!
使某事发生
让他说话不难,
难的是说开了止不住他!
使 ,
说 服 ...
I couldn"t get the car to start
ie make it start
this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来.
（某人[某事
He got
ie persuaded
his sister to help him with his homework.
物] ）做某事
他说服他姐姐帮他做家庭作业.
Make
For
Instance
~sth
from/ out
of
sth ;
~
sth make a car, a dress, a cake 制造汽车、 做连衣裙、 做蛋糕
for
sb
（用材 make
bread,
cement,
wine 做面包、 制水泥、 酿葡萄酒
make
ie
manufacture
建造或创造
料或零件）做、
paper
造纸
制作、 制造、
This car wasn"t made
ie is not big enough
to carry eight people.
建造或创造某
这辆汽车不是坐八个人的.
物
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~
sth into
sth 将
（材料或零件）
Glass is made into bottles. 玻璃可制成瓶子
做成或制成某
物
（借打破、撕
破、 移去材料
The stone made a dent in the roof of my car. 我的汽车顶让石头砸了个坑.
或敲击）使（某
The holes in the cloth were made by moths. 布上的洞是虫子蛀的.
物）出现,
形成:
*制定（某事物）;
* These regulations were made to protect children. 这些规则是为保护儿童而制定的.
规定:
* 写 , 创 作 ,
准
* She has made
ie directed
?I several films.
她已导演了几部影片.
备（某事物）:
I"ll ask my solicitor to make a deed of transfer. 我要找律师拟一份让据书.
*
铺（床）
* Please make your beds before breakfast.
请在早饭前把床铺好.
产 生 ,
引 起 （ 某
make
a
noise,
disturbance,
mess 产生噪音、 骚乱、 混乱
She"s
always
making
事物）
trouble
for her friends . 她总（给朋友）惹麻烦
使（某人[某事
The news made her happy. 这消息使她很高兴.She made clear her objections/made it
物] ）成为,
变
clear that she objected to the proposal. 她明确表示反对此提案.
为,
变成,
变得:
*
强迫 ,
迫使
（某人）做某事 * They made me repeat/I was made to repeat the story. 他们逼我又把那事讲了一遍.
使变为...,
做...或
物
* She must be made to comply with the rules.
必须强迫她遵守这些规则
显得
* 使（某人[某
.* Onions make your eyes water.
洋葱能刺激眼睛流泪.
事物] ）做某事
Her jokes made us all laugh. 她说的笑话把我们都逗乐.
物:
使（某人[某事
You"ve made my nose too big, eg in a drawing or painting. 你把我的鼻子画得太大
物] ）表现出某
了. The novelist makes his heroine commit suicide at the end of the book.
状况:
Invite
For instance
*~ sb
to/for sth
（朋友般地）邀请,
约请
*`Are
you coming to the party?" `No, I haven"t been invited."
‘你来参加聚会吗? ’‘不,
我没有受到邀请.
’ invite
sb
for/to
dinner/to
have
dinner 请某人吃饭 invite
sb
home/to one"s house 邀请某人到家中作客
Candidates will be invited for interview early next month.
*
（正式地）邀请,
约请
下月初将约请候选人面试.
I"ve been invited to give a talk at the conference.
我已受邀在大会上发言.
~ sth
from sb
请求、 要求或徵求（意见、 建议等）
After
his
speech
he
invited questions
and
comments
from
the
audience . 他讲完话后请听众提问题和意见.
引 起 ,
招 致 （ 坏 的 事 物 ）（ 通 常 并 非 本 意 ）
Leaving your car unlocked is just inviting trouble! 汽车不锁上纯粹
是自找麻烦!
Cover the jam! It"s sure to invite the wasps.
盖 上 果 酱 瓶 !
要不准得招黄蜂.
吸 引 （ 某 人 [ 某 事 物 ] ）
;
引 诱
Leaving the windows open is inviting thieves to enter.
窗户不关犹如开门揖盗.
Carry
For instance
*携带,
搬运,
传送,
运送（某
*carry shopping, a suitcase, a rucksack, etc
携带著购买的东西、 手提箱、 背包等
人[某物] ）
a train carrying commuters to and from work 运送通勤者上下班的火车
The car had carried him 500 miles before it broke down.
汽车载著他行驶了 500 英里以后抛锚了.
She carried her baby in her arms.
她怀抱著婴儿.
He broke his leg during the match and had to be carried off.
他在比赛中撞断了腿而被抬走.
Seeds can be carried for longdistances by the wind.
种子能被风传送得很远.
The injured were carried away on stretchers. 用担架把受伤的人抬走了.
*指管道、金属丝等）输送,
传
*a pipeline carrying oil
输油管
导（水、 电流等）
The veins carry blood to the heart. 静脉把血液输送进心脏.
使（某事物）延伸至某一点或
The war was carried into enemy territory. 战争已伸展到敌方领土.
向某一方向
His ability carried him to the top of his profession. 他有才干能在本行业中首屈一指.
He carries modesty to extremes, ie is too modest. 他谦虚得过分.
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3.
汉语连动式结构翻译
汉语连动式“动词+动词”和英语的主从结构“动词+非限定动词”相关系。
汉语连动式：分句动词数量在两个以上，并列使用，主语只有一个。
英语主从结构：主句使用限定动词充当分句谓语，从句使用非限定动词充当补充成分。
单 词 并 列
短 语 并 列
从属连词并列
分句并列
And
Peter
ate
the
fruit
and David was born, lived, and He
asked
to
be
transferred, I
washed
the
drank the beer
died in the city of Beijing. because
he
was
unhappy,
he dishes and
then
I
皮特吃水果和啤酒。
大卫出生在北京，居住在
saw
no
rospect,
and
he
would dried them.
北 京 ， 过 逝 在 北 京 。
be better at the other place 我洗盘子之后把
.他要求改变工作，因为他不开
他们凉干。
心，因为他没有看到任何希
望，因为
他会更优秀在别地方
Or
Are
you
working
or
on Did
he
speke
for
the
first The bulb was faulty,because the You
can
boil
（alternativ holiday?
motion or against it.
battery
may
be
disconneected, yourself
an egg or
ely
，
else, 你今天是上班还是休
他支持第一个建议，或反
the
connection
may
be
loose, you
can
make
增 加 语 气
息 ？
对 它 ？
or..
some
sandwices.
电 灯 泡坏了，因为电池连接的
你可以给自己煮
不好，或者连接有问题。
个鸡旦或者做个
三明治吃。
But
yet
常 They
applauded
not
the Good
cooking
can I
spoke
to
him
after
the John
is
poor,
but
用在 not
, players
but
the
referee. disguise
but
cannot conference was over, but before she is happy.
not only 后
他们鼓掌欢迎不是运
improe
the
quality
of
the he started.
约翰很贫穷，但是
动 员 而 是 裁 判 。
ingredients.
我我他谈话在会开完之后，但
他很快乐。
水 平 高 烹 饪 可 以 掩 盖 原
在他开始工作之前。
料，但不能提高原料质量
Either…or
That
must
be
John’s You
must
either
stand
up The
bulb
was
faulty,either Either
the
room
is
writing or David’s
or sit down.
because
the
battery
may
be too
small
or
the
那个肯定是约翰或者
你必须站起来或者坐下。
disconnected, or the connection
piano
is
too
large.
大卫的。.
may
be loose.
要不就是屋子太
电 灯 泡坏了，要不就是因为电
小或者钢琴太大
池 连 接的不好，或者连接有问
了。
题。
Neirther nor Neither
John
nor
David David
neither
loves
Joan, 同上
Sam
never
has
won a prize.
nor wants to marry her.
long hair, nor does
约翰和大卫都没有赢
大卫既不爱琼也不想和
he wear jeans.
得 胜 利 。
他 结 婚 。
赛姆从来不梳长
头发，也不穿牛仔
裤。
Mary
was
neither
happy, nor was she
sad.
Not
only
the
students, He
didn’t
come
to
help, 同上
They
not
only
Not only
.. but
some
of
the
staff but to hinder us.
broke
into
his
but
also
have
voted
for
the 他 不 是 来 帮 我 的 而 是 来
office,
but
they
change.
阻 止 我 的 。
also
tore
up
his
不仅学生们员工也投
They
not
only
broke
into
paper.
票支持改变。
his office , but they
They
keep
cows
and
also tore up his papers.
sheep,
but
only
a
few 他们不仅破门而入，而且
chickens.
还把他的论文撕了。
他们饲养奶牛，绵羊，
但很少些鸡。
Both…and
Both
David
and
Joan David both loves Joan and
got divorced.
wants to marry her.
大卫和约翰都离婚了。
大卫和约翰都想结婚。
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4. 汉语中重复词语和重复结构的翻译方法
一、中文重复---
英文全部重复
（1）
我不愿意白吃百喝，我不是占便宜的人。I wouldn’t freeload, I’m not a freeloader.
二、中文重复---
英文部分重复
1、使用代词替代中文的重叠词：替代词和指代词。
（1）
这个实验室比我们昨天做实验的那个实验室宽敞明亮多了。
This lab is much larger and brighter than the one in which we did our experiment yesterday.
（ 2 ）
幸 福 在 于 自 知 拥 有 幸 福 。
Happiness lies in the consciousness we have of it.
（3 ）
If you had a nest egg, you wouldn’t feel so worried at a time like this.
如果你手头上有点积蓄，你也不会这个时候如此着急。
（4 ）
杰克还没找到工作，这是他昨天告送我的。
Jack hasn’t found a job yet. He told me so yesterday.
互指关系的指代词：
1）人称代词：he, she, it, they ;her;them;
2 ）物主代词：his, her, my, their, our;
3 ）反身代词：himself, herself, themselves;
4 ）指示代词：this, that, these, those;
5 ）地点，时间副词：here, there;then;
替代关系的替代词：
1）不定代词：some, any, none, either, neither, few, many ,much,
several, enough, each, all;
2 ）指示代词：that, those;
3 ）替 代 词：do , do it, do that, so;
2 、使用省略手段减少中文的重叠词：
（1）教育要面向社会，面向世界，面向未来。
Education must be geared to the needs of the world, society and future.
（2 ）经过再三考虑，我认为不必留下，他则需要留下。
After careful consideration I decided that I needn’t stay, but he had to.
（3 ）英国不同意，丹麦，葡萄牙，西班牙，爱尔兰也都不同意。
Britain does not agree. Neither do Danmark, Purtugal, Spain and Ireland.
（5 ）
你高兴，我就高兴。I’m happy if you are.
省略语法要点：
1）名词短语的省略：基于前指关系，省略句末名词短语的中心词；
My camera ,like peter’s , is Janpanese.
The second novel was very different from the first.
2 ）分句的省略：限定分句的省略，常见于句末；保留主语和功能词。
Tom will be playing, but I don’t think Martin will.
Who is cooking the diner today?Joan is.
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（二）英译汉
1. 英文被动句翻译
被动句：科技英语中大量使用被动句。
1）被动句比主动句更具有客观色彩；
2 ）被动结构突出主要论点；
3 ）被动结构比主动结构简短；
标 记
含 义
举 例
常考词汇
受、挨、遭、
1、来宾们在宾馆受到
The
guests
were
warmly
由、被、让、
了数千人的热烈欢
welcomed
by
the
汉语有形式标记
给、叫、加以、 迎。
thousands on the airport.
为 …
所 、
2 、该计划由一个特别
The plan will be reviewed
被….所等；
的委员会加以审查。
by a special committee.
第一次世界大战在
The
First
World
War Occer,
take
place,
开始、结束；
1914 年爆发。
borke out in 1914.
begin,stop,start,leave ;
移位、运转；
机器运转很好。
The machine runs well. Move, record, run, change;
汉语无形式标记
The
flowers
smell Prove
,
sound,
smell,
taste,
状态、特征；
这花闻起来真香。
wonderful.
feel, look, become;
主动表示被
The
floor
wants Need,
want,
deserve,
地板需要清扫。
动 ；
sweeping.
require;
被动句的翻译方式：
1、顺序翻译
（1）
翻译要用“被、受、给、由等”表示被动含义的词，例如：
The patient is being operated on by the doctor.
病人正在由医生实施手术。
（2 ）
不用表示“被、受、给、由等”意义的词，例如：
Not a sound was heard.
一点声音也没听到。
（3 ）
翻译成“是….的”被动结构，例如：
The element of helium was first found in the sun.
氦元素最初是在太阳里发现的。
2 、句子成分转换法
（1）
主语--宾语
Steps have been taken to diminish friction. 已经采取措施减少摩擦。
The teacher may be asked questions. 可以向教师提问。
The question is what material should be used for the motor. 问题是这台电机用什么材料。
（2 ）
主语--谓语
Care should be taken not to damage the instruments. 注意不要损坏仪器。
Account should be taken of the low melting point of this substance.应该考虑到这种物质熔点低。
Attention has been paid to this phenomenon. 已经注意到这种现象。
3、句子结构转换法
（1）
被动句---主动句（用行为者做主语或补充行为者做主语）
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Large quantities of stem are required by modern industry. 现代工业需要大量蒸汽。
All objects are made to expand by heat. 热使所有的物质膨胀。
They were seen repairing the machine.有人看到他们在修理机器。
Matter is known to occupy space. 我们知道物质占有空间。
4 、科技英语惯用语
It is said that…
据说
It is well-known that… 大家都知道
It is reported that… 据报告
It cann’t be denied that…无可否认
It is believed that… 人们相信
It is understood that…. 大家都明白
It is found that… 人们发现
It is supposed that… 据猜测
英文中可以用复数人称代词代替“人们”，例如：
We live in an age of immense chages. This wine makes you feel drowsy. I see they are raising the fares.
我们生活在一个变化无穷的时代。
这酒使你昏昏欲睡。
我看得出他们又在提高
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2. 转
换
一、词类的转换
1
英文动词和名词都有抽象的名词形式。因此，他们的补足关系势必反映到其抽象名词的使用上。由
此可见，抽象名词的补足关系和动词和形容词补足关系紧密相关，在使用中可以相互参照。
动词/形容词的补足关系
名词补足关系
He examined the room
His examination of the room
Paul lacks confidence.
Pauls lack of confidence
They rely on her.
Their reliance on her
I predict that it’ll rain.
My prediction that it’ll rain.
We enquired where to go.
Our enquiry where to go
She refused to answer.
Her refusal to answer
X needs us to work harder.
The need for us to work harder.
They elected Joe as leader
Their election of Joe as leader.
X certified
as insane.
The certification of
as insane.
X expelled Sue from school
The expulsion of Sue from school
They choose Jim to be boss.
Their choice of Jim to be boss.
I paid him five pounds.
My payment to him of five pounds.
X warned us that it would snow.
The warning to us that it would snow.
X reminded us of who he was.
X’s reminder to us of who he was.
She invited me to stay.
Her invitation to me to stay.
I was impatient with Freda.
My impatience with Freda.
It was certain that we would lose.
The certainty that we would lose.
I was careful over what to say.
My care over what to
say.
Sam was quick to reply.
Sam’s quickness to repay.
（2 ）动词转化成为名词
His speech impressed the audience deeply. 他的讲话给听众印象很深。
His paintings are characterized by steady strokes and bright colours.
他的画特点是比例深沉，颜色鲜明。
（3 ）名词转化成为形容词
This experiment was a success. 这个实验是很成功。
It is a pleasure to meet you.遇到你很高兴。
二、分句成分的转换
1、非主语翻译成主语
（1）
介词的宾语翻译成主语：存在句和被动句
There are four seasons in a year. 一年有四季。
Two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual.
一个普通人每天需要两夸脱的水
（2 ）
动词的宾语翻译成主语：用于表示所属关系的动词
An automobile must have brake with high efficiency. 汽车的刹车必须高度有效。
Water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.水的密度是每立方英尺 62.4 磅。
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（3 ）
主语的补语翻译成主语
A crystal receiver is a less complicated structure than a
valve receiver.
晶体收音机的结构不象电子管收音机的那么复杂。
（2 ）（3 ）主语均翻译成定语。
2 、非谓语翻译成为谓语
（1）
定语翻译成谓语：动词“have” 的分句中
Solids have a shape independent of the container. 固体的形状和容器无关。
Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon.
镁对钢的强度的影响和硅相同。
（2 ）
主语翻译成谓语：动宾结构的主语中（见上表）
The view of Mt.Fuji can be obtained form here. 从这里可以看到富士山。
His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.
任何场合，只要他露面，就会成功。
（3 ）
表语翻译成谓语：主系表的结构中
This explanation is against the natural laws. 这个解释违反 自然规律。
We were on the supposition that they could improve the machine.
我们都认为他们能改进这台机器。
3、非定语翻译成定语
（1）
状语翻译成定语
Throughout the world, oil consumption is growing rapidly.
全世界的石油消耗量正在迅速增长。
In this world, things are complicated and are decided by many factors.
世界上的事情是复杂的，有很多方面决定。
三、分句结构的转换
1、主语转译法：主语---状语
（1）
主语是动名词或表示动作意义的名词，作用在说明动作的时间、条件、原因
等。因此，常把它翻译成状语从句。后面的宾语翻译成主语。
Pressure of work has somewhat delayed my answer.
由于工作很忙，答复慢了些。
The mere sight of it turned one’s mind.
只看它一眼，人们就会动心。
My care over what to say postphone the response.
对问题的仔细斟酌推迟了回复时间。
Sam’s quickness to reply helps us solve the problem.
Sam 的快速回复帮助我们及时解决了这个问题。
（2 ）
表示时、地点范围的名词和某些特定的动词联合使用，常表示动作发生的
时间、地点或场所。翻译时可以把主语翻译成状语。
The end of the last journey saw me upon a chair ,aching.
最后一段的行程，我坐在椅子上，四肢无力。
The world has witnessed different roads to modernization.
在世界上，已经有了不同的现代化道路。
2 、成分分译法：把原句中的比较长的成分，翻译成为汉语的短语或独立句子。
（1）
主语分译：（定语+主语）---汉语的独立句【英语的主系表结构】
Lower temperature is associated with lower growth rates.温度一低，生长速率就慢
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（2 ）
谓语分译：（It is + adj
）---汉语独立句
It is obvious that she is a very good saleswoman.十分明显，她销售很好。
（3 ）
定语分译：（名词+后置定语）--汉语独立句
She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner.
她坐这双手托者下巴，凝视着一角。
（4 ）
状语分译：状语多为修饰整个分句的外加状语。或修饰谓语的附加状语。
Illogically, she had expected some kinds of miracle solution.
她想过会有一些奇迹般的解决办法，这是不合情理的。
Their power increase with their nunber.
他们人数增加了，力量也随之增加了。
数词
Hundred, thousand, score, dozen, rate, percent, percentage, proportion, a great deal of, a great many, amount of,
a quantity of, a couple of, a heap of, a number of, a mass of, a series of, the number, plenty of , a little, a few, at
any rate,
no longer,
no
more,
far
less,
no
more
than, no
less than,
more
or
less,
on
a large
scale, prior to, inferior
to,
superior to, to some extent, to some degree,
时间
连词
When, while, before, after, until ，
till ，
since, Whenever, once ,
副 词
directly,
immediately,
no
sooner … than,
hardly…when,
meanwhile,
shortly,
presently, later
短语
so far, by far，at the same time，at any time, in no time, at the moment, as long as，
at length, before long，
as soon as ，every time, the moment，
now that
原因
连词
Because, as, since,
副词
hence, therefore, thus, then, otherwise, accordingly, consequently,
短语
seeing that, providing that, considering that, because of, so that, or else, caused by,
account for, leading to, result in
from , as a result, in case,
顺序
副词
besides, moreover, again, also, firstly, finally,
likewise, furthermore,
短语
equally important, In addition, apart from, to be worse, as well,
举例
副词
Incidentally, indeed, specifically, particularly
短语
For
example,
for
instance,
in
fact,
in
other
words,
that
is
to
say,
in
particular,
to
illustrate,
比较
连词
Than,
副词
likewise,
短语
as…as, in a like manner on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast,
让步
连词
While, as, although, though, whereas, whatever, whoever
介词
despite
副词
However, nevertheless, notwithstanding
短语
after all, although true, and yet, for all that，in spite of, in any case, regardless of,
even if, even though,
方式
连词
As
介词
like,
短语
as if, in the way, by this means,
地点
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